Cultures And Values In Human Society

Cultures And Values In Human Society Culture is the essential part of the humans society. Every person is spending his or her life within a certain cultural community. It frequently defines what kinds of person a man or woman is and what values will they have. Does the cultural environment have a direct effect on the values within a community for anthropology, psychology and sociology? Let us discuss this topic step by step. To understand it better, we can at first define what the cultural environment is and what influence it has on people within it. The very nature of the cultural environment is cultural and social aspects. It is could also be called a social context and sometimes milieu. It is a culture of a society or a group where a certain person is living or getting an education; it is institutions and people who interact with a certain human. By interaction we can mean not only different types of personal communication (like on a workplace, in class, with neighbors etc.); people could also communicate with each other by means of different communicational media (like phone, internet, newspapers, television etc). In spite of non personal type of the communication, people whom a man or a woman meets in internet can have an influence on his or her values and point of view. Also television and other mass media form our perception of life and other people little by little. This type of interaction we c an call one way or anonymous. It does not always imply the equality of the social status. Thus, the concept of a social environment is wider that the concept of a social circle or a social class. Nevertheless, it is common that those people who have the same social environment start having a sense of solidarity. They easily help and trust each other; also they tend to create a social group. As a result, those people will always have a similar way of thinking and similar patterns even if they make different conclusions. It shows us that people depend on society and culture around them very much whether they recognize this fact or not. Let us briefly define what culture itself is. It is going to help us understand what kind of effect it has on the values within a community for anthropology, psychology and sociology. There is plenty of information about culture and different consequences of it. It is impossible to transmit a culture through genealogy. Culture is not something innate; culture is something that everybody should learn. Different facets of it are interrelated; a culture is spread by those people within a group. Nowadays different cultures could easily exist within a country side by side (like it commonly happens in African countries). According to Hoebel (1960), the definition of a culture is following: The integrated sum total of learned behavioral traits that are manifest and shared by members of society. According Lawton (1975), culture includes age grading, religious rituals and athletic sport. According to Frow (1995) there are traditional differences in task and doing business were breaking down and this meant that standardization rather than adaptation is becoming increasingly prevalent. Probably, a culture is one of the most significant environmental variables that should be considered within a global marketing. Often a culture could not be freely overlooked; it often hiding from a view. Culture consists of some elements; they are language, aesthetics, religion, values and attitudes, education, social organization and material culture. It is necessary to discuss briefly every element of it. Material culture includes communications, power, transportations and others. Language is the next aspect of culture. It is a reflection of the values and nature of a certain society group. It could be sub-cultural languages, for example, dialects; in some countries it could be two or even more languages. Aesthetics includes art, dancing, arts-music. It concerns good taste, beauty, form and color of it. Education, as it is easy to see, includes the transmission of ideas, attitudes, skills and training in certain disciplines as well. Moreover, education serves as a transmitter of cultural and social values. Sometimes a child was introduced to the cultural value by school or later by university. Religion gives the humans behavior the best insight and as well it helps us to answer different questions, for example, why people behave n this way and not in another. We can see that culture is a complicate conception; it includes different aspects. What can we say about values conception? What is commonly meant by values? Shortly, by values a person may mean something that is really matter to him or her. It is beliefs and ideas somebody holds as special. Social and cultural environment forms ones values. Home, church school there are just some places where people could study values that are common for everybody within their cultural environment. Teachers, friends, parents are forming our personal system of values from day to day. As a result we have personal values. Arts et al. (2003) summarized that they consist of something that we accepted from people around as and that part that came with our own life experience. It is too compulsory to accept everything a person is hearing around him or her; nevertheless, values of cultural environment around us has its strong influence on our own system of values. Now, when we recognize what values, culture and cultural environment commonly mean we can examine the direct effect that the cultural environment has on the values within a community for anthropology, psychology and sociology. Before discussing the influence of a cultural environment on a person according to anthropology let us briefly mention the definition of the science. Saying shortly anthropology is the inquiry of humanity. Its origins throw back in the social sciences, natural science and humanities. The term itself is taken from the ancient Greek language and has two parts: man and study or discourse. The matters of anthropology are how do people behave, what are their physical traits, why we can see differences and variations between groups of people, and finally who was the ancestor of the modern humans. Anthropology is commonly divided in to four fields; they are cultural, or social, anthropology, linguistic anthropology, archaeology and biological, or physical, anthropology. We can see that anthropology itself is the science that studies social and cultural values, differences, origins, roots etc. Thus, it is important to talk about the influence of culture environment according to this certain science. According to anthropology, a culture could be seated deeply; unprepared person could take some type of a culture like something senseless, strange and even cruel. Let us give an example. According to the Muslim culture a woman must cover her face with yashmak and hide herself from any alien. Nilaweera Wijetunga (2005) emphasized that this custom could appear strange and senseless to any person from Europe, United States or numeral other countries where people flaunt a womans form openly. Here is another example of the opposite culture. In some African countries (like Congo, Kenya etc) women do not wear top cloths. Oyeshile (2004) explained this fact that according to their culture, their traditions and according to their hot climate they do not consider the top of the female body something that they should cover or hide. There are many other different examples of things and customs that are unacceptable and even criminal in one part of the world; at the same time at another part of it people consider it the culture and commonly do it. Summarizing this short extract we can see that cultural environment have a direct effect on the values within a community for anthropology. Continue the two examples above, a woman from the African country where there is not common or compulsory to cover her body with upper wear have values that are different from the values that are precious for a woman from a Muslim country. If those women could try to explain themselves their culture, values and reasons why they are keeping those culture values they would hardly understand each other. It is common that Muslim people condemn women from Europe and America. For them even the most modest and restrained American female seems to be a woman without culture values because she shows certain part of her body What can we say about the influence of the social environment on personal values for psychology? What is psychology? It is the science of the humans behavior and mind. This science is an attempt to understand humanity by exploring certain specific cases and by discovering some general principles as well. One of the main goals of psychology is to benefit the society. Scientists who involved in it we can divide in to some groups: cognitive scientists, social scientists and behavioral scientists. Among others, social behavior is among different subjects of psychology. The science of psychology explores following concepts: emotion, cognition, phenomenology, perception, attention, brain functioning, behavior, motivation, personality, unconscious mind and interpersonal relationships. As anthropology, the science of psychology is a social science and it has a strong connection with social environment. According to psychology, some type of behavior could be considered normal and other type c ould be considered abnormal. Commonly, humanity has the same nature. For example, murdering and cruelty is considered abnormal in every social group and community. Nevertheless, within some cultures the conception of cruelty may vary. Let us give an example. In American and European countries violation in any form is unacceptable even within a family. Thus people who keep doing it to others would consider psychologically abnormal. According to the culture of some eastern countries, especially countries with Muslim culture, a husband can beat his wife or punish her or in any other way if she does not satisfy him. What kind of misdeed could a wife do? She may cook a food that her husband does not like; she may say a word that her husband could consider unacceptable. People within the community with such culture are considered psychologically normal even if they commit violence every day. According to their culture cruelty is acceptable. A woman is expecting for it and she has no even right to complain. According to the example above we can see that psychological situation within a community could have a strong negative effect on personal values of a human. A person can look at low values of members of the community around him or her and subconsciously this person could understate those values that he or she had before. Psychologically people inclined to depend on society. That is why we can state that the cultural environment have a direct effect on the values within a community for psychology. Sociology is the last science that we are going to discuss. It studies the society using different methods of critical analysis and empirical investigations. This science refines and develops knowledge about the activity of human society. One of the aims of sociology is to achieve the social welfare with the mean of the knowledge. Mancheno-Smoak et al. (2009) stated that the field of interests in sociology varies from the micro level of interaction and agency to the macro level of social structures and systems. It is a very broad conception that is focused traditionally on social class, religion, social stratification, social mobility, secularization, deviance and law. It includes all spheres of peoples activity. It is interesting that sociology studies different types of interactions between people. We are living in the age of the world wide globalization when the whole planet is becoming one big house. Different cultural and social communities are not staying separate from each oth er like it was some hundreds years ago. People are moving, migrating and spreading their culture and different values among other societies. Why can we state that according to sociology, the cultural environment have a direct effect on the values within a community? First reason is that people like to communicate with each other. It means that they getting some new knowledge and values. Roniger (1995) declared that when representatives of different cultures are staying in contact for some time they will get used to new values. It will stop being new for them. New cultural values will become common and according to sociology people will start accepting it in their lives. In some time they would not remember that one or another culture or value was not imparted to them. And it is the second reason why the cultural environment has an effect on values of people for sociology. In other words, when people move from one place to another they create a new social group with mixed culture and values. In conclusion of all factors and aspects that we discussed above we can see that anthropology, sociology and psychology are connected between each other. These three sciences are all about the human nature, culture and community. They are examining interactions and cooperation between different people; we can state that the cultural environment have a direct effect on the values within a community for anthropology, psychology and sociology because according to these sciences it is up to peoples nature to take something new from others. According to religion, human society was created as one big family. Let us agree that this statement is right; thus, we need to accept that people within a social community have a direct effect on each other in the same way in which members within an ordinary family have. Every science that we discussed has one main aim to make our society better. We need to remember that it is up to everybody to help in achievement of this aim.

The Clanton Gang Essay example -- essays research papers

In the middle and late part of the nineteenth century, the West was a harsh and dangerous place to live. Bar fights and murders were being committed in every town. This was acceptable behavior however in those days. Men settled their problems face-to-face, and normally, the slower man ended up dead. Gunfighting in the West was started and carried on by a group of men known as the Clanton Gang. Old Man Clanton was the leader and founder of gunfighting, his sons carried some of his fights and continued with their own fights, and his last surviving son parted with gunfighting and started his own successful business. Gunfights were common and took place regularly. The earliest gunfighters, or gunslingers, were born in the early 1800’s, and most men got recognition as slingers in the 1850’s. The founder of gunfighting was â€Å"Old Man Clanton†, or N. H. Clanton. In 1816, Newman Haynes "Old Man" Clanton was born in Davidson County, Tennessee. On January 5, 1840 Newman Clanton married Mariah Sexton Kelso in Callaway County, Missouri and together they had five boys and two daughters. John Wesley, Joseph Isaac, Phineas Fay, William Harrison, Alonzo Peter, Mary Elise and Ester Ann made up the Clanton Gang. He did not participate in many gunfights though he instigated many of them. Old Man Clanton took care of business swiftly. If he did not like somebody, he would simply point them out, and one of his sons would provoke an argument and shoot the man down in â€Å"self defense†. Old Man Clanton had formed a â€Å"cowboy party† which consisted of some of the deadliest men in the West. Curley Bill, John Ringo, Tim and Frank McLaury, Joe Hill, Pony Deal, Jim Hughes, Frank Stillwell and many other lieutenants, who had over four hundred frontier outcast under them, formed this group. He stole over $100,000 from ranchers in the south, and anyone who opposed was quickly exterminated. Old Man Clanton’s final days ended with a stolen-cattle drive. While he was passing through Guadeloupe Canyon, he and six other men were ambushed and shot dead out of their saddles. "Old Man" Clanton was buried where he fell in Guadalupe Canyon, New Mexico. Although the leader of the Clanton Gang was dead, the family carried on. Billy and Ike Clanton were two of the participants in the most famous gunfight of all. The ... ...oseph G. and Collins, Richard. The Taming of the West: Age of the Gunfighter: Men and Weapons of the Frontier 1840-1900. London, England: Salamander Books Ltd, 1993. 2. William C. Davis, Joseph G. Rosa. The West: From Lewis and Clark and Wounded Knee: The Turbulent Story of the Settling of Frontier America. London, England: Salamander Books Ltd, 1994. 3. â€Å"Phin Clanton Family History†. (The Notorious Clanton Gang). 1996-1997. February 20, 2002. <http://clantongang.com/oldwest/gangphin.html> 4. â€Å"Billy Clanton Family History†. (The Notorious Clanton Gang). 1996-1997. February 20, 2002. <http://clantongang.com/oldwest/gangbill.html> 5. â€Å"Ike Clanton Family History†. (The Notorious Clanton Gang). 1996-1997. February 20, 2002. <http://clantongang.com/oldwest/gangike.html> 6. â€Å"O.K. Corral Gun Fight†. (American Western History Museums). 1999. February 20, 2002. <http://www.linecamp.com/museums/americanwest/western_places/ok_corral_gun_fight/ok_corral_gun_fight.html>

Edwidge Danticat’s The Farming of Bones and Julia Alvarez’s In the Time

Edwidge Danticat’s The Farming of Bones and Julia Alvarez’s In the Time of Butterflies We have all heard the saying, â€Å"it’s a man’s world†. It appears that our world is governed according to a man’s perspective and thoughts as to how the world should be run, and women gracefully bow down to this perspective and internalize those male supremacist notions of patriarchal dominance. Even with this seemingly innate belief that men have, it is still apparent at times that there is another view that is often glossed over and ignored in the pursuit of extreme power and superiority. In Edwidge Danticat’s The Farming of Bones and Julia Alvarez’s In the Time of Butterflies, we are able to dissect society through the eyes of women who have had to endure life in these societies. These women offer a fresh perspective, and they both challenge and assert the patriarchal view that is most often presented in discussion about civil unrest. In the Time of Butterflies gives us a view of women who fought their own battle during unrest within their country. In fact, these women become famous because of what they do, and they create their own notoriety aside from being linked with a man. Farming of Bones gives us a view of a woman who has to endure hardship and trials within her society and still manages to survive. She survives, although her survival is contingent upon illusion, without a male by her side to support her or to dictate her life. Through these two novels, we are able to ascertain the feelings of the women in the midst of the struggles. Throughout the novel, we see the influence that Trujillo has over the women’s actions for the simple fact that he is in charge. There is a domination that men have that seeps ... ...dered the backbone of society. However, both views are tainted by remnants of patriarchy. It does not appear that these two authors are able to present women without introducing the male factor of society. While both texts present strong views that negotiate patriarchal nationalism and both texts consider the view of patriarchal society, it is apparent that Danticat’s novel gives a better view of the struggles from the true view of a woman. Alvarez’s novel would appear to do so because it is in diary form coming from the direct mouths of women, but these women’s stories are so tinged with the decisions that men have made over their lives that it appears that they have internalized patriarchal domination. Though Amabelle’s story includes patriarchal tendencies, her story is more about her and her beliefs about the society that she is forced to live in.

Lao Tzu and Machiavelli’s View of “The People”

Azhar A. Sapargaliyeva Professor Hammerbeck Introduction to Critical Issues 18 September 2012 Compare Lao Tzu’s and Machiavelli’s view of â€Å"the people†. How does each author’s conceptualization of â€Å"the people† affect what kind of government they support? Life experience, culture, language, time of living and many other factors affected Lao Tzu’s and Niccolo Machiavelli’s views on how an ideal leader ought to govern a country. These views, expressed in their texts, reflected on how these writers perceived the fellow men. Lao Tzu is a Chinese philosopher and founder of Daoism.He is the author of a philosophical document called â€Å"Tao-te Ching†. Niccolo Machiavelli, is a 15th century aristocrat and a writer, mostly famous for his political treatise, â€Å"The Prince†. This essay will attempt to analyze both authors’ views on human nature and the way these views affected the types of government supported. A s mentioned above different lives of Lao Tzu and Machiavelli influenced their images of human nature. Lao Tzu worked in the court of the ruling dynasty and lived a quite stable and peaceful life in around the 5th century B. C.E. Whereas Machiavelli lived during the time of political turmoil in Italy. He was suspected of conspiring against the royal family and was even tortured for that (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Thus, these different living conditions led both philosophers to think of â€Å"the people† differently: Lao Tzu had a positive opinion of individuals, which is contrary to that of Machiavelli’s suspicious and cynical image of â€Å"the people†. This is important to analyze because these views in some way determined the way they portrayed an ideal government.Lao Tzu, in his â€Å"Tao-te Ching†, has an optimistic, almost idealistic perception of â€Å"the people†. His proposed attitude for the ruler to have toward citizens resemb les that of parents toward a child. They treat the child with love and care. At the same time they let go of restrictions and rules, so that he/she learns from their own mistakes and grows up to be self-reliant. The â€Å"upbringing† of children can be compared to governing people. Lao Tzu in paradoxical way proposes to stick to the â€Å"practice of not doing† (Jacobus 24) and let the things take their natural course.The author encourages leaders to give â€Å"the people† more freedom and rights: â€Å"I let go of the law and people become honest† (Jacobus 29). He believes in the good in people and in their ability to choose the morally good paths. He says: â€Å"Throw away morality and justice and people will do the right thing† (Jacobus 25). His description of an ideal government resembles a modern day democratic type of government as â€Å"democracy† literally means â€Å"ruled by the people† (Britannica Online Encyclopedia). â₠¬Å"The Prince† reveals an entirely different view of â€Å"the people†.Lao Tzu is mostly concerned with their well being. He advocates politics based on moral considerations while Machiavelli advices the leader not to bother with such things and focus more on practical politics. The latter is a reflection of a pessimistic and cynical view of â€Å"the people†. According to the author they are â€Å"ungrateful, fickle, avoiders of danger and greedy for gain† (Jacobus 46). The very title of the book, and its form as a handbook for the ruler, a single person, hint at support for monarchic type of government.Monarchy is a type of political system in which authority is represented in a single person who exercises supreme power (Britannica Online Encyclopedia). Moreover, strictly speaking, Machiavelli basically says that â€Å"bad† people need a strict ruler, who would be feared. As a matter of fact â€Å"it is better to be feared than loved†, beca use love is temporal, while fear is constant (Jacobus 46). Therefore, his kingship seems more like an autocracy or even dictatorship. Dictators gain despotic power, which they then maintain through the use of intimidation and oppression (Britannica Online Encyclopedia).The advice in these two texts, however, might not be as relevant as handbooks for politicians these days. Practice shows that there have not been many prosperous absolutely democratic governments, which at the same time imposed no laws and restrictions whatsoever; neither have there been many despotic monarchs in power to successfully run a country. The views of â€Å"the people† by both writers represent two extremes, and seem to be unrealistic and in a way paradoxical.Reading and understanding both books, however, is still of significant value, because they represent the literary and historical legacy of political thought and most importantly they disc?lse the tw? particular ways of l?oking at the world. On t he one side â€Å"The Prince† gives an insight of what the w?rld looks like from a dem?ralized and cynical realist’s perspective. On the other hand â€Å"Tao-te Ching† expresses utopian perceptions of an idealist. To sum up Lao Tzu in his â€Å"Thoughts from the Tao-te Ching†, he advocates the â€Å"practice of not doing† as a way to govern people.One of the reasons for that are the author’s high opinion of and a belief in their ability to adopt a morally right behavior. He proposes for things to take their natural course. Therefore, adapted to modern times, the type of government that Lao Tzu supports resembles democracy. Machiavelli, on the contrary, views ‘the people’ as â€Å"simulators and deceivers†. Thus he directs â€Å"the prince† to rule by keeping ‘the people’ in awe. He signals his support for monarchy and, possibly, dictatorship. Works Cited Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Democracy. 15 Se p. 012. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Dictatorship. 14 Sep. 2012. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Monarchy. 15 Sep. 2012. Jacobus. Lee A. A World of Ideas. Boston: Bedford / St. Martins, 2010. 925-28. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Niccolo Machavelli. 8 Sep. 2009. 14 Sep. 2012.

Is Summer Reading Really Necessary? Essay

Towards the end of the School year many students begin to look forward to their 3 month Summer vacation. It’s the time where they can hang out with friends, laugh and catch up with some sleep. One thing students don’t look forward to is an 8 letter word that makes them sough, homework. The Summer Reading in Port Richmond High School requires students to read 2 books and create a journal for each one. Some students believe Summer Reading is necessary while others don’t. School Librarian, Mrs. Makler said â€Å"I believe [Summer Reading] is important [because it will] keep the students mind engaged during the Summer. †   While one student who chose to remain anonymous said â€Å"It’s completely unnecessary, that’s why we have school, it’s my summer vacation, it’s time to relax and vacate. Not time to do homework. † When students were asked if they did their Summer Reading some answers were very surprising while others seemed reasonable. â€Å"[I did my homework] because I had no choice and wouldn’t be able to pass the test when they give it in the beginning of the school year† said Aida Sproul from the Leader Ship house. Aisha E. Carson, a Gateway senior also replied saying â€Å"No, I had a summer job and I was more focused on that [and less] on books that were uninteresting. †Ã‚  There were few students who simply said they â€Å"had no money†. However when reminded that the libraries were open every day and money wasn’t a problem. One student replied â€Å"If I have no money for a book, what makes you think I have money for a metro card† while another replied â€Å"I was too lazy some days and too busy on the days I wasn’t†Whether financial or not there were other excuse to why students didn’t read their books. I only read a part of the book because it didn’t interest me at all. I read the first few pages and closed the book† said a Gateway senior. Another student mentioned how they disliked the Summer Reading because they wanted to read a book that they wanted to. Quadry Bellow and Aisha Carson seem to agree with a similar concept that the gateway senior has. What if students chose the books that they wanted to read? Will more students do their reading or will the statistics remain the same it is now? Quadry Bellow believes â€Å"If [students] picked their own books they would actually read it. It would make it fun† and that he believed â€Å"education and fun go great together. † Aisha E. Carson also agrees by saying â€Å"Yes, students will probably read their books but it can’t be anything immature or stupid. A student from the TV and Media arts department seems to disagree with both their opinions. She believes â€Å"If student’s picked their own books then that’s about 30 to 50 different books that are being read in each English class. How will teachers possibly give out their tests? The kids who chose to not do [their summer reading] obviously don’t care about their grades. If they don’t want to read the book, they should at least go to Sparknotes or Cliffnotes and make some type of effort toward their grade. †    Now while some students may not want to hear it Summer Reading is indeed necessary and very important. Like the students said before, when you do your Summer Reading it will start you off with a great grade in your English class and increase your reading abilities. Based on a three year study at the Dominican University graduate school of Library and Information studies, students who took part in their Summer Reading program improved their reading skills. Also a New York University sociology professor, who spent two years following 3,000 sixth and seventh graders in Atlanta Public Schools, found that children who read at least six books during the summer maintained or improved their reading skills opposed to students who didn’t do any. She also found that students who spent time reading were able to increase vocabulary test scores. Now you may not be 6th or 7th graders but the statistics still apply to you. According to the John Hopkins Center for Summer Learning, statistics show that students can lose up to 25 percent of their summer reading. The Learning center also mentions how â€Å"A conservative estimate of lost instructional time is approximately two months or roughly 22 percent of the school year†¦ It’s common for teachers to spend at least a month re-teaching material that students have forgotten over the summer. That month of re-teaching eliminates a month that could have been spent on teaching new information and skills. †   It’s also been said that students who read actively develop higher-order thinking skills, literary skills, life-long reading habits that continue to their adulthoods, and they engage in class discussions more often. Summer reading is very important and crucial. It would be wise to complete your summer reading so your grades can be the highest it can. Read a chapter a day and it will be over before you know it. | |

Marketing Principles

Marketing describes –product, good services and customers. Marketing all aboutidentify customer need and satisfying customer with products and make profit. In Mr Tan’swords [22/4/13] â€Å"marketing is mutually satisfying exchange at profit in the long term†. Marketing isthe built-up relationship and created customer delight, capture value from customer to create profit and customer quality. Marketing process identify customer need, situation analysis and marketing strategy decisions about product prise distribution and promotion and then how this is implemented monitored and controlled. A. Situation Analysis:- In a situation analysis a company need to understand customer need and carefully think about company resources and capability in which it is operating. Some point can be used for situation analysis -5c, Pest analysis, Swot analysis. a) 5c:- 5c presentcompany, customers, completions collaborations and climate. Company present internal situations, sources, availability and options. Customer, compitions, collaborations climate are external situation. For example tescowas tea but when they analysis customer need then tesco start adding brand and products in their business. In other example, Tesco analysis customer by rewarding club card points, in this way tesco gathering all information about customer need, interest, and product and spending. b) PEST Analysis:- Political, economic, socitical and technological factors come pest analysis. Day by day customer need is changing, because of change economy society and change of interest. After second war Jack tesco funder launched a food rationing to make sure everyone received an equal amount if food[political, economic] Now England is multicultural country so tesco selling so many ethnic products to serve different community [societal]. Tesco add electrical product intesco market according to customers need. [technology] c) SWOT Analysis:- Strength, weakness, opportunity and threats is in swot analysis. For example strength- tesco was the only one and one only retailers and had no competitors. Opportunities-Tesco has 50 branches and soon 1939 have doubled branches. Weakness and threats- after opening 150 stores tesco business was going down because of internal weakness. Then mr Jack son-in-law came and manage all business. B. Marketing Strategy:- Marketing strategy that combines all its marketing goals into one comprehensive plan. A good marketing strategy should be drawn from good marketing research and focused on the right product mix in order to achievethe maximumprofit potential and grow the business. The marketing strategy is the foundation of a marketing plan, this includes- segmentation targeting, positioning the product within the target market. C. Marketing mix decisions:- After marketing making market strategy Tesco take decisions about marketing mix. Marketing mix includes 4 basic things which are known as 4 ps, they are following as: * Product: – Tesco identify and design their product. * Price: – Tesco fix the prices for their products. * Place: – Tesco identify a specific area in which they will introduce their product. * Promotion:- Tesco make advertising campaigns to advertise their products by using different mediums of advertisement such as electronic media, print media. D. Implementation and Control:- After situation analysis, marketing strategy, marketing mix decisions Tesco launched their product in market. They implement their all strategies on product and also on target market. They control and monitor their products such as is their product fulfils the customer needs and wants. POSITIONING positioning helps establish product or services to identify within the eyes of the customers. A company positioning strategy is related to customers’ motivation and requirements, as well as by its competitors. Tesco express store mainly in high street to target working people who have less time for shopping VALUE PROPOSITION TO THE TARGET MARKET A value roposition is a promise of value to be delivered and a believe from the customer that value will be experienced. 2. 2 MARKETING MIX DECISIONS Marketing mix dicision is mixture of product, pricing, distribution and promotion, and make decisions and policies to maximise profit and minimise cost. Product development –product is the physical product or services which is company offer to consumers. product development include appearance, pa ckaging, warranty etc. Tesco adding and changing products according to customer need. Prise-prising decisions is important in marketing mix decisions,company have to consider product production cost , advertising,prising response of competitors and margin Distribution contracts- the distribution system performs transactional, logical and facilitating functions. Distribution contract help to company to put the products in market Promotion – promotion decisions are communicating and selling the products in market. Promotions decision involve advertising, public relation media type ect. 2. IMPLEMENTION AND CONTROL Implementation is a type of feedback, inimplementationmonitor all business activities and identify problem and shortfall in business. As the market change the marketing mix can be adjusted to accommodate the changes and can control on business. Often Small changes in consumer wants can addressed by changing the advertising massage, if the change become more significant, a product re-design or entirely new product may be needed. In Tesco for example horse meat was found in beef burgers and other products, Tesco removed all products containing horse meat and apologised to all their customers. Marketing Principles Marketing describes –product, good services and customers. Marketing all aboutidentify customer need and satisfying customer with products and make profit. In Mr Tan’swords [22/4/13] â€Å"marketing is mutually satisfying exchange at profit in the long term†. Marketing isthe built-up relationship and created customer delight, capture value from customer to create profit and customer quality. Marketing process identify customer need, situation analysis and marketing strategy decisions about product prise distribution and promotion and then how this is implemented monitored and controlled. A. Situation Analysis:- In a situation analysis a company need to understand customer need and carefully think about company resources and capability in which it is operating. Some point can be used for situation analysis -5c, Pest analysis, Swot analysis. a) 5c:- 5c presentcompany, customers, completions collaborations and climate. Company present internal situations, sources, availability and options. Customer, compitions, collaborations climate are external situation. For example tescowas tea but when they analysis customer need then tesco start adding brand and products in their business. In other example, Tesco analysis customer by rewarding club card points, in this way tesco gathering all information about customer need, interest, and product and spending. b) PEST Analysis:- Political, economic, socitical and technological factors come pest analysis. Day by day customer need is changing, because of change economy society and change of interest. After second war Jack tesco funder launched a food rationing to make sure everyone received an equal amount if food[political, economic] Now England is multicultural country so tesco selling so many ethnic products to serve different community [societal]. Tesco add electrical product intesco market according to customers need. [technology] c) SWOT Analysis:- Strength, weakness, opportunity and threats is in swot analysis. For example strength- tesco was the only one and one only retailers and had no competitors. Opportunities-Tesco has 50 branches and soon 1939 have doubled branches. Weakness and threats- after opening 150 stores tesco business was going down because of internal weakness. Then mr Jack son-in-law came and manage all business. B. Marketing Strategy:- Marketing strategy that combines all its marketing goals into one comprehensive plan. A good marketing strategy should be drawn from good marketing research and focused on the right product mix in order to achievethe maximumprofit potential and grow the business. The marketing strategy is the foundation of a marketing plan, this includes- segmentation targeting, positioning the product within the target market. C. Marketing mix decisions:- After marketing making market strategy Tesco take decisions about marketing mix. Marketing mix includes 4 basic things which are known as 4 ps, they are following as: * Product: – Tesco identify and design their product. * Price: – Tesco fix the prices for their products. * Place: – Tesco identify a specific area in which they will introduce their product. * Promotion:- Tesco make advertising campaigns to advertise their products by using different mediums of advertisement such as electronic media, print media. D. Implementation and Control:- After situation analysis, marketing strategy, marketing mix decisions Tesco launched their product in market. They implement their all strategies on product and also on target market. They control and monitor their products such as is their product fulfils the customer needs and wants. POSITIONING positioning helps establish product or services to identify within the eyes of the customers. A company positioning strategy is related to customers’ motivation and requirements, as well as by its competitors. Tesco express store mainly in high street to target working people who have less time for shopping VALUE PROPOSITION TO THE TARGET MARKET A value roposition is a promise of value to be delivered and a believe from the customer that value will be experienced. 2. 2 MARKETING MIX DECISIONS Marketing mix dicision is mixture of product, pricing, distribution and promotion, and make decisions and policies to maximise profit and minimise cost. Product development –product is the physical product or services which is company offer to consumers. product development include appearance, pa ckaging, warranty etc. Tesco adding and changing products according to customer need. Prise-prising decisions is important in marketing mix decisions,company have to consider product production cost , advertising,prising response of competitors and margin Distribution contracts- the distribution system performs transactional, logical and facilitating functions. Distribution contract help to company to put the products in market Promotion – promotion decisions are communicating and selling the products in market. Promotions decision involve advertising, public relation media type ect. 2. IMPLEMENTION AND CONTROL Implementation is a type of feedback, inimplementationmonitor all business activities and identify problem and shortfall in business. As the market change the marketing mix can be adjusted to accommodate the changes and can control on business. Often Small changes in consumer wants can addressed by changing the advertising massage, if the change become more significant, a product re-design or entirely new product may be needed. In Tesco for example horse meat was found in beef burgers and other products, Tesco removed all products containing horse meat and apologised to all their customers.

Food Essay Paper (in-N-Out vs Mcdonalds

In-N-Out Burger VS McDonald’s Within today’s modern society we like to have everything when we want and have it at any given time. Growing with that trend, modern fast food places like McDonald’s and In-N-Out Burger have giving their consumers that very thing. Even though In and out and McDonald’s have been around for years, both vary their menus and the way they appeal to their consumers with the change of time. On the west coast, In-N-Out is favored more than it is on the east coast.While McDonald’s is a worldwide company, with restaurants open in France, China, Iraq, and also America. Who is the better franchise; it is time to find out. The American hamburger is an American classic and the most recognizable menu item in the fast food industry. Even though there are many different takes on the types of meats, toppings, and dressings used, the hamburger has been a restaurant regular and historical favorite of both children and adults. The hamburger can even bridge cultural and religious divides.It can unite the masses, and with that being said many people agree that all burgers are not created equal. While McDonald’s is synonymous with happy childhoods and those long bumpy road trips, In-N-Out caters to the majority of young adults past the age of fourteen desires a more sophisticated burger. McDonald’s Quarter Pounder with cheese is the most popular hamburger at the famous fast food restaurant. Before people try In-N-Out, the Quarter pounder brings as much joy to people as any burger could.The half pound of beef drenched in cheese, stuffed between a sesame seed bun, garnished with thick cut onions, and a squirt of ketchup are a stunning combination for any occasion. Unfortunately, it is also usually waiting for customers before they even have a chance to order it. On an off day the bread can be stiff, the meat is dry and the cheese is slick. The dehydrated shredded lettuce is poured from plastic bags daily. Cus tomers found a way around this by masterminding a creative way to receive fresh food from McDonald’s, special order.By requesting a hamburger with extra ketchup, a Filet O’ Fish with extra tartar sauce, and French fries with easy salt, consumers have ultimately forced the king of burgers into making fresh food. While this is a tried and true technique, unfortunately it doesn’t work one hundred percent of the time. The alternative to gambling with pre-cooked burgers is In-N-Out. With an uncomplicated, no frills menu, In-N-Out Burger specializes in burgers, fires, and their famous shakes. Their one and only focus is burgers-not chicken, fish, or salads; it is a carnivore’s dream.All of the ingredients are made fresh every single burger is made to order. Their signature gristle-free beef is never frozen, the hand leafed lettuce is crisp and fresh, the tomato slices are plentiful, and the buns are always soft and lightly grilled on the inside of the bun. The end result is a multi-ingredient masterpiece called a â€Å"Double Double† that contains two juicy beef patties smothered with two pieces of cheese, Thousand Island dressing, crisp lettuce, and plump tomato rings stuffed inside of a fluffy bun.Although In-N-Out burgers are pure perfection as is, consumers have been prone to order something that is off the menu (but well–known) called â€Å"Animal Style† (extra dressing, grilled onions, and pickles). Quite frankly, more than half of their most popular items are off the menu, shrouded in secrecy and urban legend. On occasion customers have ordered another secret item called the â€Å"Protein burger†, which is a carb-free â€Å"Double Double† wrapped in a full lettuce leaf.Even more secret burgers can be found by simply asking about the â€Å"Three by Three† or â€Å"Four by Four† that contains three or four patties and the same amount of cheese on either. The Flying Dutchman is simply t wo meat patties and two slices of cheese; it includes no bun, vegetable, or spread. Other secret items include: grilled cheese sandwiches, meatless burgers, root beer floats and chilies. Comparing McDonald’s and In-N-Out’s fries, there is one clear victor. In-N-Out fries are peeled and sliced right in the restaurant for your viewing pleasure; they are meatier and fresher than their competitor’s infamous fries.The signature burger, fries, and real ice cream shakes cause traffic jams to the point where a cashier equipped with a PDA-style device greets you before you even pull into the drive-thru to head off the onslaught of eager customers. Ironically, both restaurants are competitively priced, but the quality of In-N-Out far surpasses McDonald’s famous menus. From a practical standpoint, cleanliness is an important part of the fast food industry, not only in the restaurant image, but also health safety of the customer.If customers received a dollar every t ime they ate or entered a McDonald’s, they could probably buy a franchise themselves. Sadly, most McDonald’s restaurants from Los Angeles to New York look the same, somber and bleak. In stark contrast, In-N-Out Burger painted sterile white inside and out, makes their restaurants look refreshingly clean and bright. In-N-Out’s fire engine red sign catches customer’s eyes as they drive along side of the famous restaurant. The employees are super friendly and accommodating at all times during the dining experience.McDonald’s serves its purpose in the middle of nowhere because of its familiar brand name, but it’s not usually a true hamburger aficionado’s first choice. Customers have driven over ten or fifteen miles, passing several McDonald’s in order to get to that little piece of ecstasy nestled in a piece of wrapping paper and a white envelope. Just the smell of a freshly grilled burger permeates your nose, and drowns your senses . If In-N-Out Burger’s are tried just once, there will be no doubt that the consumer will be a couple of times a week. Lee, R. (2007). McDonalds and In-N-Out. Yahoo Voices. Retrieved from http://www. yahoovoices. com